Main Article Content
Abstract
River water often contains a complex mixture of organic and inorganic contaminants that are challenging to remove using conventional treatment methods. This study explores an integrated water purification system combining large-pore activated carbon, polyester fiber filters, and ultrafiltration membranes. Activated carbon demonstrates high affinity for a wide range of pollutants, effectively reducing odor, color, and both organic and inorganic impurities, while also contributing to pH enhancement and reductions in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Polyester fiber filters offer high filtration efficiency, mechanical durability, ease of maintenance, and adaptability, making them suitable as a secondary filtration layer to capture fine particulates not removed by activated carbon. Additionally, the use of ultrafiltration membranes with pore sizes of 0.5 mm, 0.3 mm, and 0.1 mm ensures the removal of residual dissolved and suspended solids. The integration of these three technologies is expected to produce clean water that meets Class 1 water quality standards. The system is user-friendly and features a backwashing mechanism, enhancing ease of operation and maintenance.
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References
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- Aguilar-Torrejón, J. A., Balderas-Hernández, P., Roa-Morales, G., Barrera-Díaz, C. E., Rodríguez-Torres, I., & Torres-Blancas, T. (2023). Relationship, importance, and development of analytical techniques: COD, BOD, and, TOC in water—An overview through time. SN Applied Sciences, 5(4), 118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05318-7
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- Amin, S., Kazama, S., Sawangjang, B., & Takizawa, S. (2024). Causes and Effects of Scale Deposition in Water Supply Pipelines in Surakarta City, Indonesia. Water, 16(16), 2275. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162275
- Azanaw, A., Birlie, B., Teshome, B., & Jemberie, M. (2022). Textile effluent treatment methods and eco-friendly resolution of textile wastewater. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 6, 100230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100230
- Beckman, I. P., Berry, G., Cho, H., & Riveros, G. (2023). Alternative high-performance fibers for nonwoven HEPA filter media. Aerosol Science and Engineering, 7(1), 36-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-022-00161-6
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- Cescon, A., & Jiang, J. Q. (2020). Filtration process and alternative filter media material in water treatment. Water, 12(12), 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123377
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- Diallo, H. M., Elazhar, F., Elmidaoui, A., & Taky, M. (2024). Combination of ultrafiltration, activated carbon and disinfection as tertiary treatment of urban wastewater for reuse in agriculture. Desalination and Water Treatment, 320, 100596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024. 100596
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- Khan, S., Ajmal, S., Hussain, T., & Rahman, M. U. (2023). Clay-based materials for enhanced water treatment: adsorption mechanisms, challenges, and future directions. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00083-0
- Peter-Varbanets, M., Margot, J., Traber, J., & Pronk, W. (2011). Mechanisms of membrane fouling during ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 377(1-2), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.029
- Rolia, E., Oktavia, C., Rahayu, S. R., Fansuri, M., & Mufidah, M. (2023). Penyediaan air bersih berbasis kualitas, kuantitas dan kontinuitas air. TAPAK (Teknologi Aplikasi Konstruksi): Jurnal Program Studi Teknik Sipil, 12(2), 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/tp.v12i2.2594
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- Singh, B. J., Chakraborty, A., & Sehgal, R. (2023). A systematic review of industrial wastewater management: Evaluating challenges and enablers. Journal of Environmental Management, 348, 119230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119230
- Soffian, M. S., Halim, F. Z. A., Aziz, F., Rahman, M. A., Amin, M. A. M., & Chee, D. N. A. (2022). Carbon-based material derived from biomass waste for wastewater treatment. Environmental Advances, 9, 100259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100259
- Trinh, K. T. L., & Lee, N. Y. (2022). Recent methods for the viability assessment of bacterial pathogens: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Pathogens, 11(9), 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11091057
- Umar, E. P. (2022). Analysis of Shallow Groundwater Quality as Consumable Water in Maros Baru District Aquifer Systems, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability, 1(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.58524/ijhes.v1i1.55
- Widianingsih, I., Riswanda, R., & Paskarina, C. (2020). Governing water, engaging community: Indonesian water security roadmap. Journal of Governance, 5(2), 202-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.31506/jog.v5i2.9301
- Zhang, X., Ma, J., Wang, J., Shi, H., Guo, J., Fan, Y., Nie, X., Guo, T., & Luo, X. (2023). Modifying the Fiber Structure and Filtration Performance of Polyester Materials Based on Two Different Preparation Methods. Langmuir, 39(9), 3502-3511. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acs.langmuir.3c00095
References
Adams, H., Burlingame, G., Ikehata, K., Furatian, L., & Suffet, I. H. (2022). The effect of pH on taste and odor production and control of drinking water. AQUA—Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 71(11), 1278-1290. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.133
Aguilar-Torrejón, J. A., Balderas-Hernández, P., Roa-Morales, G., Barrera-Díaz, C. E., Rodríguez-Torres, I., & Torres-Blancas, T. (2023). Relationship, importance, and development of analytical techniques: COD, BOD, and, TOC in water—An overview through time. SN Applied Sciences, 5(4), 118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05318-7
Akhtar, N., Syakir Ishak, M. I., Bhawani, S. A., & Umar, K. (2021). Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: A review. Water, 13(19), 2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192660
Amin, S., Kazama, S., Sawangjang, B., & Takizawa, S. (2024). Causes and Effects of Scale Deposition in Water Supply Pipelines in Surakarta City, Indonesia. Water, 16(16), 2275. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162275
Azanaw, A., Birlie, B., Teshome, B., & Jemberie, M. (2022). Textile effluent treatment methods and eco-friendly resolution of textile wastewater. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 6, 100230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100230
Beckman, I. P., Berry, G., Cho, H., & Riveros, G. (2023). Alternative high-performance fibers for nonwoven HEPA filter media. Aerosol Science and Engineering, 7(1), 36-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-022-00161-6
Castro, K., & Abejón, R. (2024). Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters and Other Aqueous Streams by Pressure-Driven Membrane Technologies: An Outlook on Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Potential from a Bibliometric Analysis. Membranes, 14(8), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14080180
Cescon, A., & Jiang, J. Q. (2020). Filtration process and alternative filter media material in water treatment. Water, 12(12), 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123377
Das, A. (2025). Spatiotemporal evaluation and impact of superficial factors on surface water quality for drinking using innovative techniques in Mahanadi River Basin, Odisha, India. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 59, 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh. 2025.102366
Diallo, H. M., Elazhar, F., Elmidaoui, A., & Taky, M. (2024). Combination of ultrafiltration, activated carbon and disinfection as tertiary treatment of urban wastewater for reuse in agriculture. Desalination and Water Treatment, 320, 100596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024. 100596
Ejiohuo, O., Onyeaka, H., Akinsemolu, A., Nwabor, O. F., Siyanbola, K. F., Tamasiga, P., & Al-Sharify, Z. T. (2024). Ensuring Water Purity: Mitigating Environmental Risks and Safeguarding Human Health. Water Biology and Security, 4(2), 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs. 2024.100341
García-Ávila, F., Avilés-Anazco, A., Sánchez-Cordero, E., Valdiviezo-Gonzáles, L., & Ordonez, M. D. T. (2021). The challenge of improving the efficiency of drinking water treatment systems in rural areas facing changes in the raw water quality. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 37, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2021.05.010
Hakami, M. W., Alkhudhiri, A., Al-Batty, S., Zacharof, M. P., Maddy, J., & Hilal, N. (2020). Ceramic microfiltration membranes in wastewater treatment: filtration behavior, fouling and prevention. Membranes, 10(9), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10090248
Jjagwe, J., Olupot, P. W., Menya, E., & Kalibbala, H. M. (2021). Synthesis and application of granular activated carbon from biomass waste materials for water treatment: a review. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 6(4), 292-322. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.03.003
Kamran, H. W., Rafiq, M., Abudaqa, A., & Amin, A. (2024). Interconnecting sustainable development goals 7 and 13: the role of renewable energy innovations towards combating the climate change. Environmental Technology, 45(17), 3439-3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2023.2216903
Khan, S., Ajmal, S., Hussain, T., & Rahman, M. U. (2023). Clay-based materials for enhanced water treatment: adsorption mechanisms, challenges, and future directions. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00083-0
Peter-Varbanets, M., Margot, J., Traber, J., & Pronk, W. (2011). Mechanisms of membrane fouling during ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 377(1-2), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.029
Rolia, E., Oktavia, C., Rahayu, S. R., Fansuri, M., & Mufidah, M. (2023). Penyediaan air bersih berbasis kualitas, kuantitas dan kontinuitas air. TAPAK (Teknologi Aplikasi Konstruksi): Jurnal Program Studi Teknik Sipil, 12(2), 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/tp.v12i2.2594
Salehi, M. (2022). Global water shortage and potable water safety; Today’s concern and tomorrow’s crisis. Environment International, 158, 106936. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.envint.2021.106936
Singh, B. J., Chakraborty, A., & Sehgal, R. (2023). A systematic review of industrial wastewater management: Evaluating challenges and enablers. Journal of Environmental Management, 348, 119230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119230
Soffian, M. S., Halim, F. Z. A., Aziz, F., Rahman, M. A., Amin, M. A. M., & Chee, D. N. A. (2022). Carbon-based material derived from biomass waste for wastewater treatment. Environmental Advances, 9, 100259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100259
Trinh, K. T. L., & Lee, N. Y. (2022). Recent methods for the viability assessment of bacterial pathogens: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Pathogens, 11(9), 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11091057
Umar, E. P. (2022). Analysis of Shallow Groundwater Quality as Consumable Water in Maros Baru District Aquifer Systems, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability, 1(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.58524/ijhes.v1i1.55
Widianingsih, I., Riswanda, R., & Paskarina, C. (2020). Governing water, engaging community: Indonesian water security roadmap. Journal of Governance, 5(2), 202-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.31506/jog.v5i2.9301
Zhang, X., Ma, J., Wang, J., Shi, H., Guo, J., Fan, Y., Nie, X., Guo, T., & Luo, X. (2023). Modifying the Fiber Structure and Filtration Performance of Polyester Materials Based on Two Different Preparation Methods. Langmuir, 39(9), 3502-3511. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acs.langmuir.3c00095